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The kidneys work as a filter used to dispose and defecate excess water, salts, and waste products of the body. They are the bean-shaped organs found on both right and left side of the vertebrae. Kidneys are approximately 10cm in length, 5cm in width, 2.5cm in thickness and weigh in between 115g to 170g in an adult human. The right side kidney is slightly inferior as compared to the left kidney due to the large size of the right flap of the liver.

Each kidney moves approximately 3cm downwards while inspiration and upwards while expiration. The kidney plays a major role in governing the ion concentration and acid-base composure within the blood. Kidneys are liable because of the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys are responsible for the regulation of ions known as electrolytes in the blood along with caring of acid-base homeostasis. It is also an endocrine organ that secretes hormones such as renin (to trigger the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system), calcitriol (a metabolite of vitamin D3) and erythropoietin (to stimulate the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow).

Kidneys filter blood to make urine and each of them transfers it into the bladder via a tube known as the ureter. The urine leaves the body via the urethra. The kidneys are located in the back of abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal, receives blood from paired renal from the paired renal arteries, and drain into the paired renal veins.